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3. Acknowledgements

Additional tape-recordings of wild gibbons used here were kindly made available by Lan Daoying, Richard R. Tenaza, and Alice Brindle.

4. References

Carpenter, C. R. (1940): A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the gibbon (Hylobates lar). Comparative Pschology Monographs 16(5): 1-212.

Chivers, D.J. (1974): The siamang in Malaya ñ A field study of a primate in tropical rain forest (Contributions to primatology vol. 4). Karger: Basel and New York.

Creel, N. & Preuschoft, H. (1984): Systematics of the lesser apes: A quantitative taxonomic analysis of craniomatric and other variables. In: Preuschoft, H.; Chivers, D. J.; Brockelman, W. Y. & Creel, N. (eds.), The lesser apes. Evolutionary and behavioural biology (pp. 562-613). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Ellefson, J. O. (1968): Territorial behavior in the common white-handed gibbon, Hylobates lar Linn. In Jay, P. C. (Ed.), Primates: Studies in adaptation and variability (pp. 180-199). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Geissmann, T. (1993): Evolution of communication in gibbons (Hylobatidae). Ph.D. dissertation, Anthropological Institute, Phil. Fac. II, Zürich University.

Geissmann, T. (1995): Gibbon systematics and species identification. International Zoo News 42: 467-501.

Geissmann, T. (1999): Duet songs of the siamang, Hylobates syndactylus: II. Testing the pair-bonding hypothesis during a partner exchange. Behaviour 136: 1005-1039.

Geissmann, T. (2000): Gibbon songs and human music in an evolutionary perspective. In Wallin, N.L.; Merker, B. & Brown, S. (eds.), The origins of music, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 103-123.

Geissmann, T. (2002a): Duet-splitting and the evolution of gibbon songs. Biological Reviews 77: 57-76.

Geissmann, T. (2002b): Taxonomy and evolution of gibbons. In: Anthropology and primatology into the third millennium: The Centenary Congress of the Zürich Anthropological Institute (Evolutionary Anthropology Vol. 11, Supplement 1). Soligo, C.; Anzenberger, G. & Martin, R.D. (eds.), pp. 28-31, New York: Wiley-Liss.

Geissmann, T. & Orgeldinger, M. (2000): The relationship between duet songs and pair bonds in siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus). Animal Behaviour 60: 805-809.

Geissmann, T.; Nguyen Xuan Dang; Lormée, N. & Momberg, F. (2000): Vietnam primate conservation status review 2000 - Part 1: Gibbons. Fauna & Flora International, Indochina Programme, Hanoi. 130 pp. ISBN: 1-903703-03-4.

Haimoff, E. H. (1983): Gibbon songs: An acoustical, organizational, and behavioural analysis. PhD. dissertation, University of Cambridge.

Haimoff, E. H. (1984): Acoustic and organizational features of gibbon songs. In: Preuschoft, H.; Chivers, D. J.; Brockelman, W. Y. & Creel, N. (eds.), The lesser apes. Evolutionary and behavioural biology (pp. 333-353). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Haimoff, E. H.; Chivers, D. J.; Gittins, S. P. & Whitten, A. J. (1982): A phylogeny of gibbons based on morphological and behavioural characters. Folia Primatologica 39: 213-237.

Haimoff, E. H.; Gittins, S. P.; Whitten, A. J. & Chivers, D. J. (1984): A phylogeny and classification of gibbons based on morphology and ethology. In: Preuschoft, H.; Chivers, D. J.; Brockelman, W. Y. & Creel, N. (eds.), The lesser apes. Evolutionary and behavioural biology (pp. 614-632). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Kappeler, M. (1984): Vocal bouts and territorial maintenance in the moloch gibbon. In Preuschoft, H.; Chivers, D. J.; Brockelman, W. Y. & Creel, N. (Eds.), The lesser apes. Evolutionary and behavioural biology (pp. 376-389). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Leighton, D. R. (1987): Gibbons: Territoriality and monogamy. In: Smuts, B. B.; Cheney, D. L.; Seyfarth, R. M.; Wrangham, R. W. & Struhsaker, T. T. (eds.), Primate societies (pp. 135-145). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

Marler, P. & Tenaza, R. (1977): Signaling behavior of apes with special reference to vocalization. In Sebeok, T. A. (Ed.), How animals communicate (pp. 965-1033). Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press.

Marshall, J. T. & Marshall, E. R. (1976): Gibbons and their territorial songs. Science 193: 235-237.

Marshall, J. T. & Sugardjito, J. (1986): Gibbon systematics. In: Swindler, D. R. & Erwin, J. (eds.), Comparative primate biology, vol. 1: Systematics, evolution, and anatomy (pp. 137-185). New York: Alan R. Liss.

Marshall, J. T.; Sugardjito, J. & Markaya, M. (1984): Gibbons of the lar group: Relationships based on voice. In: Preuschoft, H.; Chivers, D. J.; Brockelman, W. Y. & Creel, N. (eds.), The lesser apes. Evolutionary and behavioural biology (pp. 533-541). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Mitani, J. C. (1988): Male gibbon (Hylobates agilis) singing behavior: Natural history, song variations and function. Ethology 79: 177-194.

Raemaekers, J. J.; Raemaekers, P. M. & Haimoff, E. H. (1984): Loud calls of the gibbon (Hylobates lar): Repertoire, organization and context. Behaviour 91:146-189.

Tenaza, R. R. (1976): Songs, choruses and countersinging among Kloss gibbons (Hylobates klossi) in Siberut island, Indonesia. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 40: 37-52.

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